raising cattle :: essays research papers

Raising Cattle across America Cattle are being produced all across the United States. From Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and from California to the Atlantic Ocean there are several thousand head of cattle being raised. However these cattle are all being raised the some way or under the same conditions. Ranchers in the north have to deal with snow and ice while the southern ranchers are dealing with mud, water, and, mosquitoes. The people raising cattle in the Midwest are faced with droughts and having to keep their crops and cattle watered. Raising cattle in the northern part of the United States is more than just raising cattle and being cold while you do it. Keeping your cattle with fresh water, feed, and, hay is sometimes a task anywhere in the country much less when you have to deal with temperatures that are twenty degrees below zero. When it is this cold outside your cattle do not have fresh water until you go and break the five to ten inches of ice on top of their water trough. Feeding your herd also creates problems. When you get the hay for your herd to make it through the winter it can not be just any hay. You have to send your hay to a laboratory to get it tested. By having your hay tested this tells you if your hay has enough protein for your cattle to make it through the harsh winters. â€Å"We’ve had cattle starve to death with full bellies† says Paul Walker, extension livestock agent of Alamance County, North Carolina. â€Å"They received plenty of hay but it was not enough to meet the ir nutritional needs.† The hay you feed needs to be at least nine to fourteen percent protein. The higher the protein the better the hay is and the better the hay you feed the better your cows will be. Just below the extreme northern part of the country is where droughts are a

Inter-temporal Production Possibilities and Trade Essay

Instead of trading one good for another at a point in time, we exchange goods today in return for some goods in the future. This kind of trade is known as inter-temporal trade. Even in the absence of international capital movements, any economy faces a trade-off between consumption now and consumption in the future. Economies usually do not consume all of their current output; some of their output takes the form of investment in machines, buildings, and other forms of productive capital. The more investment an economy undertakes now, the more it will be able to produce and consume in the future. To invest more, however, an economy must release resources by consuming less (unless there are unemployed resources, a possibility we temporarily disregard). Thus there is a trade-off between current and future consumption. The shape of the inter-temporal production possibility frontier will differ among countries. Some countries will have production possibilities that are biased toward present output, while others are biased toward future output. We will ask in a moment what real differences these biases correspond to, but first let’s simply suppose that there are two countries, Home and Foreign, with different inter-temporal production possibilities. Home’s possibilities are biased toward current consumption, while Foreign’s are biased toward future consumption. The inter-temporal relative supply curves for Home and Foreign reflect how Home’s production possibilities are biased toward present consumption whereas Foreign’s production possibilities are biased toward future consumption. In other words, Foreign’s relative supply for future consumption is shifted out relative to Home’s relative supply. At the equilibrium real interest rate, Home will export present consumption in return for imports of future consumption. That is, Home will lend to Foreign in the present and receive repayment in the future. Home’s inter-temporal production possibilities are biased toward present production. But what does this mean? The sources of inter-temporal comparative advantage are somewhat different from those that give rise to ordinary trade. A country that has a comparative advantage in future production of consumption goods is one that in the absence of international borrowing and lending would have a low relative price of future consumption, that is, a high real interest rate. This high real interest rate corresponds to a high return on investment, that is, a high return to diverting resources from current production of consumption goods to production of capital goods, construction, and other activities that enhance the economy’s future ability to produce. So countries that borrow in the international market will be those where highly productive investment opportunities are available relative to current productive capacity, while countries that lend will be those where such opportunities are not available domestically. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/international-economics-homework-help View as multi-pages

Cause And Effects Of Cosmetic Surgery - 1570 Words

This cause and effect paper was written to discover the correlation between self-esteem and the elements that lead to cosmetic surgery. The subject has been chosen to assist medical doctors in gathering more knowledge on the matter and to help bring awareness to whether or not patients need additional psychological care prior to body enhancements. The data throughout this paper was gathered by way of surveying and interviewing patients both before and after having cosmetic surgery. Through these studies, it was found that for many people the desire to improve one’s look may stem from a history of depression. Constantly being in search of happiness was the most common reason patients chose to have cosmetic surgery. Once doctors are†¦show more content†¦Ridicule comments can have traumatizing effects on an individual s self-esteem, mood, eating habits, and social connections that are everlasting. The aftermath of body torment leaves many individuals depending on c osmetic surgery to look better and in turn feel better about their self-image (Nair and Baboo, 2017). Many doctors have several arguments against the effects that cosmetic surgery may have on a person’s self-esteem. For instance, numerous people believe that enhanced cosmetic surgery can help improve an individual’s self-esteem. Biomedical Science expertise, Bindu Nair, and Psychology Postgraduate George Boo (2017) set out to determine whether this belief results in true fact or not. According to their article Effect of Cosmetic Surgery on Body Image and Body Image Specific Quality of Life, a study involving both male and female participants aging between twenty-years old and forty-years old found a significant number of positive after-effects from this group of people undergoing enhanced body image operations. By way of questionnaire and interviews, this study reported how forty people viewed their body before and after having enhanced cosmetic surgery. Furthermo re, the article explained the quality of life the participants admitted to having before and after surgery, which in each situation all candidates reported having a higherShow MoreRelatedCosmetic Surgery : Worth It, Or Not?1384 Words   |  6 Pages Cosmetic Surgery: Worth it, or Not? Jazmin Bencomo Front Range Community College Cosmetic Surgery has been around ever since the early wars to repair scars and injuries. Today, as stated in an article titled, The Risk of Cosmetic Surgery Should Not Be Ignored, â€Å"cosmetic plastic surgeries outnumber reconstructive ones in many countries.† (Edmonds, 2012, p. 134). Cosmetic surgery continues to grow in popularity all around the world. It has now evolved to beautify anRead MoreEssay on The Dangers of Cosmetic Surgery1084 Words   |  5 Pageshas undergone cosmetic surgery, and I have heard numerous of stories about cosmetic surgery I feel prepared to speak about the issue. D. Propositional Statement: Cosmetic Surgery remains a problem in society because it carries a degree of risk such as psychological illness and severe side effects. I propose that people should take a more naturalistic approach and not consider cosmetic surgery. II. Body A. The first part of the problem is that people who undergo cosmetic surgeries are at higher riskRead MoreCosmetic Surgery1251 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative and Positive Effects of Cosmetic Surgery Are you considering cosmetic surgery? The numbers of individuals electing these surgeries are growing rapidly each year. Much of this rapid growth is because of advances in technology that have made plastic surgery techniques both safer and more affordable, as well as cutting down on recovery time. Cosmetic surgery improves body image and self-esteem and reconstructive surgery fixes irregularities such as hereditary disorders, birthRead MoreShould Cosmetic Surgery Be Banned?956 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome prevalent among our society today is cosmetic and plastic surgery. Cosmetic surgery is surgery that corrects or modifies the appearance of a feature, or defect on the human body. Although plastic surgery can sometimes be used for treatment of injury or other health related issues. Surgery to improve appearance is widespread among our culture. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgery, there were 15.6 million cosmetic and plastic surgeries procedures done in 2014 , bringing in as muchRead MoreEssay on The Harmuful Effects of Plastic Surgery862 Words   |  4 Pagessignificant pressure on the physical attributes of adolescents and adults, cosmetic treatments are being performed and considered at an all-time high with patients complying with the potential harmful and fatal consequences. In a 2013 study, 1,668,420 Americans underwent cosmetic surgery in order to alter their body to fit the body image they view as the norm in society. More and more Americans are now submitting to undergo cosmetic procedures without understanding the possible fatal risks. As medicalRead MoreThe Use Of Modern Plastic Surgery And Cosmetic Surgery1468 Words   |  6 Pagesplastic surgery has evolved from a procedure used to provide treatment for disfiguring facial of the soldiers during WWI into a slave of modern beauty culture, more commonly known as â€Å"cosmetic surgery† (Gillies H, 1920). Although, the term â€Å"plastic surgery† and â€Å"cosm etic surgery† are used interchangeably, they are intrinsically different. On one hand, cosmetic surgery aims to enhance a patient’s appearance, which can be performed in all areas such as breasts, nose of body shape. Plastic surgery, on theRead MoreCosmetic Surgery1507 Words   |  7 PagesShould cosmetic surgery be encouraged to the general public? Cosmetic surgery is defined as â€Å"any medical operation which is intended to improve a person’s appearance rather than their health† (Cambridge Dictionary, 2003, p.275). By definition, cosmetic surgery is a common practice used to modify the physical outlook of people, especially for women. This is definitely a luxury, which is not necessary to the public. Starting from the 20th century, however, cosmetic surgery is no longer a luxuryRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Plastic, Reconstructive Surgeries Have The Word `` Surgery906 Words   |  4 PagesCosmetic, plastic, reconstructive surgeries have the word â€Å" surgery† in them, so there are risks go together with them. No surgical procedure is a hundred percent safe. Actually, several surgeries in this area are major surgeries; they are a not all minor surgeries like many people think. According the department of surgery of University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester in New York, â€Å"Breast reconstruc tion is major surgery, with the risks, discomforts, and recuperation period of most major surgeryRead MoreThe Ugly Truth of Plastic Surgery Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesPlastic surgery is becoming a trend world-wide because humans can never be fully satisfied in terms of looks. There is always something that people critique about themselves physically. People are so caught up in the hype of achieving physical perfection that they deviate from acknowledging the fact that plastic surgery has negative effects on self-esteem, long-term effects on health, wastes money, and can be life-threatening. Today’s society has brainwashed men and women into believing that inRead MoreDid you know that in a 2013 study, 1,668,420 Americans underwent cosmetic surgery in order to alter700 Words   |  3 Pages2013 study, 1,668,420 Americans underwent cosmetic surgery in order to alter their body to fit the body image they view as the norm in society. More and more Americans are complying to undergo cosmetic procedures without understand the possible fatal risks. As medical advancements and improved procedures are being introduced, the risks seem to increase. Since society has placed significant pressure on the physical attributes of adolescents and adults, cosmetic treatments are being performed and considered

An Analysis of the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas

An Analysis of the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas In the autobiography Frederick Douglass presents a clear picture to me of a horrifying period of American history that far too few people understand. Douglass’s personal narrative as a slave lets you feel the fear of his past and allows us to experience the suffering and pain inflicted by underserved beatings and an unhealthy lifestyle with too much physical exertion. Douglass expresses very personal feelings about his history and helps us to understand the intense hatred and disgust the American slave had for his possessor, and the sickness of hate that allowed human beings to keep other human being as slaves. The typical American slave standard of living was worse than†¦show more content†¦This was quite the main perception to their teachings to their slaves as being incapable of learning, fear kept the slaveholders from educating their slaves about the truth they consciously new. Douglass became convinced that the only way men can be enslaved is by remaining ignorant. This idea would pave the pathway to one of the greatest slave escapes of all time. The violence slaves endured was the most vivid representation in Douglass’ portrayal of slavery in the South. No emotion or rage was held back by slaveholders and no pity or sympathy was put forth either. Cruelty and abuse were the only means of control the slaveholders believed would keep order. The pain inflicted upon these individuals, even to the point of death in some cases, fueled the typical master’s obsession with domination and power. However, throughout Douglass’s turmoil, his religious faith remained exceptionally strong. At times he found himself questioning how might his God allow him to endure such grueling circumstances, but he never let his curiosity hinder his faith. He also questioned how a man could call himself a Christian and yet treat another human being in such a humane manner. Douglass could never comprehend how the slaveholders were able to justify slavery through their faith and church as some of his â€Å"owners† did. Frederick Douglass’ narrative proved to be quite the learning experience for me. I was blind and couldn’tShow MoreRelatedThe View from the Bottom Rail Essay703 Words   |  3 Pages The View from the Bottom Rail   In today’s society, racism and stereotyping occur in every aspect of life. No one should ever take anything for face value before they examine it first.  In reading the narrative, â€Å"The View from the Bottom Rail† by James Davidson and Mark Lytle and â€Å"Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas† by Harold Bloom. I became very aware on how American history can be looked at as one sided or bias. Even in today’s society, thereRead MoreJacobs Douglass: An Insight Into The Experience of The American Slave1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe slave narratives of the ante-bellum time period have come across numerous types of themes. Much of the work concentrates on the underlining ideas beneath the stories. In the narratives, fugitives and ex-slaves appealed to the humanity they shared with their readers during these times, men being lynched and marked all over and women being the subject of grueling rapes. The slave narrative of Frederick Douglas and Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl themes come from the existenceRead MoreKey Arguments in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1154 Words   |  5 Pagesa number of key arguments in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†. A few of which include inequality, education, and Christianity as the keys to freedom in terms of its true values within the institution of slavery. While Frederick Douglass made some key arguments, he also made common ground to make his appeal for the abolition of slavery. One of the key arguments in â€Å"The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† as well as in other narratives about slaves is inequality. DouglassRead MoreFrederick Douglass: Literary Analysis Essays1243 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass: Literary Analysis† In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass explains, in great detail, how slave master would use a variety of methods to dehumanize slaves located on their plantation. These methods involved both severe physical and psychological trauma. Nevertheless, Douglass remains diligent and finds a way to resist the harsh reality of being a slave. Because of his immovable desire to acquire knowledge to his fighting encounter with MrRead MoreEnslavement Disrupted the African’s Authentic Culture Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesauthentic cultures were drastically changed from the way of life in their native Africa to life in the plantation society of the Americas. In this essay, I will attempt to show how the conditions of enslavement disrupted all dimensions of the African’s authentic culture. To aid in my analysis, I will be using the â€Å"Reid Culture Conflict Model† as a guide and also drawing upon the works of Olaudah Equiano, Venture Smith, Frederick Do uglas, Harriet Jacobs, and William Wells Brown, the song â€Å"Pick a BaleRead MoreThe Plight of The African Slave Essay1558 Words   |  7 Pagesthe harsh life on the plantations. When this happened, their authentic cultures were drastically changed from the way of life in their native homelands in Africa to life in the plantation society of the American colonies. In this essay, I will attempt to show how the enslaved Africans’ authentic culture was immensely disrupted by using the â€Å"Culture Conflict Model† as a guide. To aid in my analysis, I will be drawing upon the works of Olaudah Equiano, Venture Smith, Frederick Douglas, Harriet JacobsRead MoreThe Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1527 Words   |  7 Pageswere considered â€Å"property† of their slaveholders and had no control over their own life. They were victims of psychological and physical brutal treatment. This story represents confinement, slavery and the lack of power African people had in such a racist society back in those days. African talents were absolutely wasted and they were considered inferior to white individuals. The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† simply addresses that white society was causing negative effects to itselfRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass Context1480 Words   |  6 PagesBehind Frederick Douglass context, Douglass was a former slave who became one of the most successful abolitionist of 19th century. With his oratorical and literacy appeals, in 1852, Douglass delivered a speech that changed the views of millions over the Fourth of July. By using the experience Douglas has encountered as a slave, the historical context to support his argument and certain rhetorical devices, Douglass remarks a speech in order for the leading citizens of Rochester to be aware of theRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass Context1479 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Behind Frederick Douglass context, Douglass was a former slave who became one of the most successful abolitionist of the 19th century. With his oratorical appeals, in 1852, Douglass delivered a speech that changed the views of millions over the Fourth of July. By using the experience Douglas has encountered as a slave, the historical context to support his argument and certain rhetorical devices, Douglass remarks a speech in order for the citizens of Rochester to be aware of the hypocrisyRead MoreNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay1182 Words   |  5 PagesNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass After escaping from slavery, Frederick Bailey changed his name to Frederick Douglass and became a prominent speaker in the abolitionist movement. He was so eloquent that proslavery opponents charged him with being a fraud who had never been a slave and challenged him to reveal the true facts of his life. Such an account was dangerous for Douglass, who could have been captured and returned to slavery for life, but he proceeded

Technological Er The Internet s Effect On The Human...

Technological Era: The Internet’s Effect on the Human Brains Neural Pathways The twenty-first century has been an era of such grand advancements in technology. From the invention of the two way video calling application, Skype, to the multi useful Apple iPhone, technology has created a less patient, multi tasking, more connected to the world around them, consumer. Walking down the street, people are constantly checking in with their technology, whether it its responding to a text, replying to an Instagram comment or reading the latest article on the CNN news app on their iPad. Technology has become a regular part of many North American’s life whether it be for the better or for the good. Schools are leaning towards teaching through SMART†¦show more content†¦From the readings off the MRI’s scanner, Dr. Smalls noticed that the brain activity of the veteran internet users was noticeably higher than of those that were new internet users. Furthermore, he cam e to find that spending significant time on the internet reroutes the brains pathways in a quick and distinctive manner. Pushing his findings further, Small experimented onward with the new internet users commanding them to spend an hour daily searching the internet. After analyzing this study Small found that the new users had now developed a â€Å"distinctive neural pathway† that the veteran internet users possessed too. Carr now recalls when computers started coming around in the 1980’s people thought it would allow students to think in a more rounded way because of the quick, and vast way that they received information online. According to Carr, some of effects on the brain from the constant use of internet was â€Å"disrupting concentration of the brain and weakening compression.† (Carr) To sum up the negative effect of the internet on the brain, Carr suggests that the easy access that the internet gives to us about countless forms of information has turn ed humans into â€Å"shallow thinkers, literally chaining the structure of our brain† (Carr). Onward, Carr notes how hypertext was believed to improve critical thinking

Justice Systems in Egypt and in the United States Free Essays

Justice System in Egypt and the United States Brian L. Goodman Daymar College Outline Abstract Introduction III. The Legal Systems A. We will write a custom essay sample on Justice Systems in Egypt and in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now The United States Legal System B. The Egypt Legal System IV. Types of Crimes V. Components of Justice System in the United States VI. Components of Justice System in Egypt VII. Crimes A. United States B. Egypt VIII. Notes IX. References Abstract Justice System in Egypt and the United States are similar in many ways. Egypt Justice System bases its criminal code on British, Napoleon, and Italian models. There are three main categories of crime in Egypt law; they are minor offenses, misdemeanors and felonies. Egypt law requires that a detained person be brought before a magistrate with 48 hours or released. The United States Justice System enforces the law and defends the interests of the United States according to the law to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic, and to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime. The United States Justice System uses five components such as; local law enforcements, court trails, court cases, trial with grand jury and decision and punishment. Justice System in Egypt and the United States The United States is a federal system. The national government has enumerated powers, and the fifty states retain substantial authority. Both the national government and each state government is divided into executive, legislative and judicial branches. Written constitutions, both federal and state, form a system of separated powers, checks and balances among the branches. Egypt bases its criminal codes and courts operations primarily on British, Italian, and Napoleonic models. Criminal court procedures had been substantially modified by heritage of Islamic legal and social patterns and the legacy of numerous kinds of courts that formerly existed. In ancient Egypt, the rulers, called pharaohs, created the laws of the land and enforced them. The pharaohs had strict laws and at times, some very harsh punishments to maintain control over the people. The Egyptians had harsh punishments for breaking the law. The laws were based on common sense view of right and wrong. It depended on which crime the criminal did to figure out which punishment they would receive. Not only would it disgrace them, but it would disgrace their whole family. Now, Egypt uses criminal codes. The criminal codes listed three main categories of crime: minor offenses, misdemeanors, and felonies. Lower courts handled the majority of these cases. Capitol crimes that carried a possible death sentence includes murder, manslaughter, arson or the uses of explosives that caused death, rape, treason, and endangerment of state security. In Egypt few convictions for capital crimes, however, resulted in execution. Egypt laws required that a detained person be brought before a magistrate and formally charged within 48 hours or released. The accused are entitled to post bail and had the right to defended by legal counsel. Searches can not be conducted without a warrant. The justice system in the United States is one of the most unique in the world. It consists of two separate levels of courts, state and federal.. Most of the laws that govern our day-to-day living are state laws; violations of federal law include offenses involving federal government employees, kidnapping or evading arrest, and fraud such as income tax or postal fraud. There are two types of trials: criminal and civil. In a criminal trial, the government is prosecuting an individual for an offense that threatens the security of individual citizens. Usually, criminal trials involve actions taken as a result of malicious intent, Civil trials are disputes between two parties. In both instances, the person that charges are eing brought against is the defendant; in criminal trials, the government is the prosecution – in civil trials. References â€Å"Introduction to the Justice System† â€Å"An Overview of the Court System in the United Statesâ€Å" www. library. thinkquest. org The United States Department of Justice, www. justice. gov History of Criminal Justice System, www. lawandliberty. org Andrews, Mark  "Law and the Legal System in Ancient Egypt;† www. touregypt. net/featurestories/law. htm â€Å"Islam Mythsâ€Å", www. muslim-canada. org/Islam_myths. htm Justice Systems in Egypt and the United States How to cite Justice Systems in Egypt and in the United States, Papers

The Practical Application of the Faye Glenn Abdellahs Theory in the Holistic Care of a Patient with Terminal Stage Breast Cancer Essay Example For Students

The Practical Application of the Faye Glenn Abdellahs Theory in the Holistic Care of a Patient with Terminal Stage Breast Cancer Essay INTRODUCTION Your mammogram is suspicious for breast cancer Your biopsy was positive for breast cancer. These are among the most terrifying words a woman can hear from her doctor. Breast cancer elicits so many fears, including those relating to surgery, death, loss of body image and loss of sexuality. Managing these fears can be facilitated by information and knowledge so that each woman can make the best decisions concerning her care. Optimally, these issues are best discussed with the patients doctor on an individual basis. What follows is a review of information on breast cancer intended to aid patients and their families in their navigation through the vast ocean of breast cancer issues. Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer in women and the second most common cause of cancer death in women in the U. S and other countries. While the majority of new breast cancers are diagnosed as a result of an abnormality seen on a mammogram, a lump or change in consistency of the breast tissue can also be a warning sign of the disease. Heightened awareness of breast cancer risk in the past decades has led to an increase in the number of women undergoing mammography for screening, leading to detection of cancers in earlier stages and a resultant improvement in survival rates. Still, breast cancer is the most common cause of death in women between the ages of 45 and 55. (Stoppler, 2009) RATIONALE Breast cancer is a preventable disease but can be very chronic if it appears in a woman’s body, especially if it metastasizes to other parts. When a woman has breast cancer, it is sometimes very hard for them to accept the fact that they have cancer. According to an article by Gina Shaw, 2005 entitled, Metastatic Breast Cancer as a Chronic Condition†, the hardest part, for most women, is the uncertainty. The uncertainty as to when they will stop suffering from this disease and when they will ever get rid of it has always been the problem that breast cancer patients are facing. Faye Glenn Abdellah conducted research to identify ways to promote patient-centered comprehensive nursing care. As a result of the first three of these studies, 21 basic nursing problems were identified. Abdellahs 21 problems are actually a model describing the arenas or concerns of nursing, rather than a theory describing relationships among phenomena. In this way, the theory distinguished the practice of nursing, with a focus on the 21 nursing problems, from the practice of medicine, with a focus on disease and cure. The problems may be overt or covert, and problem solving is to used by the nurse. The nursing process as a problem-solving process is compatible with this approach. Copyright  © 1995-2008, Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall) SYNOPISIS OF THEORY Abdellah spoke of the patient-centered approach, she wrote of nurses identifying and solving specific problems. This identification and classification of problems was called the typology of 21 nursing problems. Abdellah’s typology was divided into three areas: (1) the physical, sociological, and emotion al needs of the patient; (2) the types of interpersonal relationships between the nurse and the patient; and (3) the common elements of patient care. Abdellah and her colleagues thought the typology would provide a method to evaluate a student’s experiences and also a method to evaluate a nurse’s competency based on outcome measures. (Tomey Alligood, Nursing theorists and their work 4th ed. , p. 115, 2002) Abdellahs 21 problems are actually a model describing the arenas or concerns of nursing, rather than a theory describing relationships among phenomena. In this way, the theory distinguished the practice of nursing, with a focus on the 21 nursing problems, from the practice of medicine, with a focus on disease and cure. Furthermore, Abdellah’s theory has interrelated the concepts of health, nursing problems, and problem solving as she attempts to create a different way of viewing nursing phenomenon. The result was the statement that nursing is the use of problem solving approach with key nursing problems related to health needs of people. Abdellah’s problem solving approach can easily be used by practitioners to guide various activities within their practice. This is true when considering nursing practice that deals with clients who have specific needs and specific nursing problems. Georgia, 1990) CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK SUMMARY OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES To begin with, Faye Glenn Abdellah, pioneer nursing researcher, helped transform nursing theory, nursing care and nursing education. She has been a leader in nursing research and has over one hundred publications related to nursing care, education for advanced practice in nursing and nursing research. In 1960, influenced by the de sire to promote client-centred comprehensive nursing care, Abdellah describe nursing as a service to individuals, to families, and, therefore to, to society. According to her, nursing is based on an art and science that mould the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people , sick or well, cope with their health needs. Abdellah’s patient-centred approach to nursing was developed inductively from her practice and is considered a human needs theory. The theory was created to assist with nursing education and is most applicable to the education of nurses. Abdellah’s theory would state that nursing is the use of the problem solving approach with key nursing problems related to health needs of people. Such a statement maintains problem solving as the vehicle for the nursing problems as the client is moved toward health – the outcome. (Georgia, 1990) In relation to the theory and its application, consider a case of Ryan who experienced severe crushing chest pain shortness of breath, tachycardia and profuse diaphoresis. Assume that the stages of illness state is the main basis to care. Founding Brothers EssayFor instance, the need for oxygenation, | | |fluid and electrolyte balance and the need to have a proper nutrition. In our case,| | |it is one of the crucial and critical area that needs the nurse to be vigilant and | | |practical application of critical thinking skills and common sense. We all know | | |that our patient is ill with a terminal stage breast cancer, well never know how | | |the body responds to the medication and illness. To site an example, if the | | |metastatic cancer spreads into the lungs and complains shortness of breath, thus, | | |the patient should be given immediate oxygenation. With such, all other categories | | |such as nutrition, elimination, sensory and regulatory functions should be | | |critically assessed, monitored and evaluated every day or every hour. In completion| | |of task, patient will be able to appreciate the rendered care, and verbalize the | | |satisfaction appropriate nursing care rendered to sustain her life. |To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells | | |To facilitate the maintenance of elimination | | |To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance | | |To recognize the physiological responses of the body to disease| | |conditions | | |To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and | |functions | | |To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function | | |C. Remedial Care Needs | | |To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, |When we dissect the word remedial, from the root word remedy which means, it is | |feelings, and reactions |something, such as medicine or therapy, that relieves pain, cures disease, or | | |corrects a disorder. This serves as the daily interventions for our client, and for| | |clients who have a palliative care illness. In clients with terminal stage cancer, | | |it is best to include in care his/her psychological, emotional, and spiritual | | |dimensions as a holistic individual. For instance, the use of proper therapeutic | | |communication such as giving positive encouragement is good for the client. It | | |gives rise to his/her self-esteem and determination in battling with such disease. | |In our case as a nurse, we need to promote effective and trustworthy nurse – | | |patient relationship, use of proper communication techniques, maintaining | | |therapeutic environment such as a clean and well ventilated room, guided imagery | | |and self-awareness activities, expression of psychological and emotional feelings | | |regarding the disease, and lastly, assistance in the clients achievement of | | |personal spiritual goal. | |To identify and accept the nterrelatedness of emotions and | | |organic illness | | |To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and non | | |verbal communication | | |To promote the development of productive interpersonal | | |relationships | | |To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual| | |goals | | |To create and / or maintain a therapeutic environment | | |To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying | | |physical, emotional, and developmental needs | | |D. Restorative Care Needs | | |To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of |We all know that the end product of such terminal disease is death. In this | |limitations, physical and emotional |category it is a must for a nurse to assist client in the perception and acceptance| | |of death and dying. In our case the nurse would assist client in identifying aids | | |in the process of perceiving and accepting of death and dying. The nurse is also | | |responsible in the continuing physiological and psychological care of client. At | | |the extremes, the nurse and psychological aids (such as psychologist, family, love| | |ones, relatives, and etc. will give the client the peaceful rest in the end. | |To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems | | |arising from illness | | |To understand the role of social problems as influencing | | |factors in the case of illness | | CONCLUSION In Conclusion, Abdellah’s theory provides a basis for determining and organizing nursing care. The problems also provide a basis for organizing appropriate nursing strategies. It is anticipated that by solving the nursing problems, the client would be moved toward health. The nurse’s philosophical frame of reference would determine whether this theory and the 21 nursing problems could be implemented in practice. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. George Julia B. Nursing theories: The base of professional nursing practice 3rd edition. Norwalk, CN: Appleton and Lange; 1990. 2. Abdellah, F. G. The federal role in nursing education. Nursing outlook. 1987, 35(5),224-225. 3. Abdellah, F. G. Public policy impacting on nursing care of older adults . In E. M. Baines (Ed. ), perspectives on gerontological nursing. Newbury, CA: Sage publications. 1991. 4. Abdellah, F. G. , Levine, E. Preparing nursing research for the 21st century. New York: Springer. 1994. 5. Abdellah, F. G. , Beland, I. L. , Martin, A. , Matheney, R. V. Patient-centered approaches to nursing (2nd ed. ). New York: Mac Millan. 1968. 6. Abdellah, F. G. Evolution of nursing as a profession: perspective on manpower development. International Nursing Review, 1972); 19, 3.. 7. Abdellah, F. G. ). The nature of nursing science. In L. H. Nicholl (Ed. ), perspectives on nursing theory. Boston: Little, Brown, 1986.